Cyber Attacks and How to Protect Against Them

The thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the cybersecurity landscape. The paper describes various types of cyber threats, such as phishing, ransomware, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, and analyses their mechanisms and potential impacts.

There is a strong focus on improving cybersecurity measures, including the adoption of tools such as antivirus software, firewalls, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and password managers. The study also assesses human factors that contribute to security vulnerabilities and highlights importance of education to improve digital hygiene.

The thesis explores practical strategies for mitigating risks, including configuring advanced firewall systems such as Palo Alto and responding to cyber incidents with immediate containment, eradication, and recovery actions.

It further includes empirical findings from a survey that presents public awareness of cybersecurity practices, gaps in organisational preparedness, and attitudes toward safeguards. The research methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches and offers suggestions for individuals and organisations to strengthen their defences in the evolving threat environment.

It examines the dual role of AI in cybersecurity, highlighting its use in defensive strategies like anomaly detection, predictive vulnerability assessment, and automated threat responses, as well as its exploitation by cybercriminals for developing advanced malware, sophisticated phishing, and evading security measures.

This evolving dynamic necessitates adaptive, forward-looking strategies.

The research underscores the importance of fostering a cybersecurity-aware culture through continuous training and AI-enabled tools, particularly in organisations handling sensitive data. By integrating technical, educational, and policy-oriented solutions, the study provides guidance for navigating the rapid changes in the cybersecurity landscape.